| I. |
| FOREST. |
|
Trees with their crowns overlapping (generally forming 60 - 100% cover) |
|
| |
| |
I.A. |
Evergreen forest - evergreen species generally contribute >75% of the total tree cover |
| |
| |
|
I.A.1. |
Tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen rainforest (broad-leaved evergreen trees, neither cold- nor drought-resistant) |
| |
I.A.1.N.a. |
Lowland tropical or subtropical rainforest |
| |
I.A.1.N.b. |
Submontane tropical or subtropical rainforest |
| |
I.A.1.N.c. |
Montane tropical or subtropical rainforest |
| |
I.A.1.N.d. |
Montane tropical or subtropical cloud forest |
| |
I.A.1.N.e. |
Subalpine tropical or subtropical rainforest |
| |
I.A.1.N.f. |
Temporarily flooded tropical or subtropical rainforest |
| |
I.A.1.N.g. |
Semipermanently flooded tropical or subtropical rainforest |
| |
I.A.1.N.h. |
Saturated tropical or subtropical evergreen rainforest |
| |
I.A.1.N.i. |
Tidal tropical or subtropical rainforest |
| |
I.A.1.N.j. |
Seasonally flooded tropical or subtropical rainforest |
| |
| |
|
I.A.2. |
Temperate or subpolar broad-leaved evergreen rainforest (restricted to southern hemisphere) |
| |
I.A.2.N.a. |
Temperate evergreen rainforest |
| |
I.A.2.N.b. |
Subpolar evergreen rainforest |
| |
I.A.2.N.c. |
Temporarily flooded temperate evergreen rainforest |
| |
I.A.2.N.d. |
Seasonally flooded temperate evergreen rainforest |
| |
| |
|
I.A.3. |
Tropical or subtropical broad-leaved seasonal evergreen forest (mainly
broad-leaved evergreen trees with some foliage reduction in the dry season) |
| |
I.A.3.N.a. |
Lowland tropical or subtropical seasonal evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.3.N.b. |
Submontane tropical or subtropical seasonal evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.3.N.c. |
Montane tropical or subtropical seasonal evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.3.N.d. |
Subalpine tropical or subtropical evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.3.N.e. |
Temporarily flooded tropical or subtropical seasonal evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.3.N.f. |
Seasonally flooded tropical or subtropical seasonal evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.3.N.g. |
Semipermanently flooded tropical or subtropical seasonal evergreen forest |
| |
| |
|
I.A.4. |
Temperate broad-leaved seasonal evergreen forest (mainly broad-leaved
evergreen with some foliage reduction in the dry season) |
| |
I.A.4.N.a. |
Lowland temperate seasonal evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.4.N.b. |
Submontane temperate seasonal evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.4.N.c. |
Montane temperate seasonal evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.4.N.d. |
Subalpine temperate evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.4.N.e. |
Temporarily flooded temperate seasonal evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.4.N.f. |
Seasonally flooded temperate seasonal evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.4.N.g. |
Saturated temperate seasonal evergreen forest |
| |
| |
|
I.A.5. |
Tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen sclerophyllous forest. |
| |
I.A.5.N.a. |
Lowland tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen sclerophyllous forest |
| |
I.A.5.N.b. |
Temporarily flooded tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen sclerophyllous forest |
| |
I.A.5.N.c. |
Seasonally flooded tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen sclerophyllous forest |
| |
I.A.5.N.d. |
Semipermanently flooded tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen sclerophyllous forest |
| |
I.A.5.N.e. |
Saturated tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen sclerophyllous forest |
| |
I.A.5.N.f. |
Tidal tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen sclerophyllous forest (e.g., mangroves) |
| |
| |
|
I.A.6. |
Winter-rain broad-leaved evergreen sclerophyllous forest (stiff leathery-leaved trees) |
| |
I.A.6.N.a. |
Giant lowland or submontane winter-rain evergreen sclerophyllous forest (over 50 m tall, e.g. Eucalyptus in Australia) |
| |
I.A.6.N.b. |
Lowland or submontane winter-rain evergreen sclerophyllous forest (under 50 m tall, e.g. live oak in California) |
| |
| |
|
I.A.7. |
Tropical or subtropical needle-leaved evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.7.N.a. |
Lowland or submontane tropical or subtropical needle-leaved evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.7.N.b. |
Montane or subalpine tropical or subtropical needle-leaved evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.7.N.c. |
Temporarily flooded tropical or subtropical needle-leaved evergreen forest |
| |
| |
|
I.A.8. |
Temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest. (mostly needle-leaved or scale-leaved trees) |
| |
I.A.8.N.a. |
Giant temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (e.g., redwood and Douglas Fir) |
| |
I.A.8.N.b. |
Rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (e.g., pines, western juniper) |
| |
I.A.8.N.c. |
Conical-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (e.g., spruce, eastern juniper, cedar) |
| |
I.A.8.N.d. |
Cylindrical-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (e.g., boreal spruce forests of Alaska) |
| |
I.A.8.N.e. |
Temporarily flooded temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.8.N.f. |
Seasonally flooded temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.8.N.g. |
Saturated temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.8.N.h. |
Tidal temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest |
| |
| |
|
I.A.9. |
Extremely xeromorphic evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.9.N.a. |
Sclerophyllous extremely xeromorphic evergreen forest |
| |
I.A.9.N.b. |
Succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen forest (assumed to be evergreen) |
| |
| |
I.B. |
Deciduous forest - deciduous tree species generally contribute >75% of the total tree cover |
| |
| |
|
I.B.1. |
Drought-deciduous forest. |
| |
I.B.1.N.a. |
Lowland or submontane drought-deciduous forest |
| |
I.B.1.N.b. |
Montane or cloud drought-deciduous forest |
| |
| |
|
I.B.2. |
cold-deciduous forest |
| |
I.B.2.N.a. |
Lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (e.g.,broadleaf forests of the Midwest) |
| |
I.B.2.N.b. |
Montane or boreal cold-deciduous forest (e.g., broadleaf forests of the mountains) |
| |
I.B.2.N.c. |
Subalpine or subpolar cold-deciduous forest |
| |
I.B.2.N.d. |
Temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (e.g., alluvial bottomland hardwoods) |
| |
I.B.2.N.e. |
Seasonally flooded cold-deciduous forest (e.g., deciduous larch forests in Alaska, peat forests) |
| |
I.B.2.N.f. |
Semipermanently flooded cold-deciduous forest (e.g., cypress swamp) |
| |
I.B.2.N.g. |
Saturated cold-deciduous forest |
| |
I.B.2.N.h. |
Tidal cold-deciduous forest |
| |
| |
|
I.B.3 |
Extremely xeromorphic deciduous forest |
| |
1.B.3.N.a. |
Extremely xeromorphic deciduous thorn forest |
| |
| |
I.C. |
Mixed evergreen-deciduous forest - evergreen and deciduous species generally contribute 25 75% of total tree cover. (Includes semi-deciduous, semi-evergreen, mixed evergreen-deciduous xeromorphic, and mixed needle-leaved evergreen-cold-deciduous woody vegetation). |
| |
| |
|
I.C.1. |
Tropical or subtropical semi-deciduous forest |
| |
I.C.1.N.a. |
Lowland tropical or subtropical semi-deciduous forest |
| |
I.C.1.N.b. |
Cloud or montane tropical or subtropical semi-deciduous forest |
| |
I.C.1.N.c. |
Seasonally flooded tropical or subtropical semi-deciduous forest |
| |
I.C.1.N.d. |
Saturated tropical or subtropical semi-deciduous forest |
| |
| |
|
I.C.2. |
Mixed broad-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous forest |
| |
I.C.2.N.a. |
Mixed broad-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous forest |
| |
I.C.2.N.b. |
Temporarily flooded mixed evergreen - cold-deciduous forest |
| |
I.C.2.N.c. |
Seasonally flooded mixed broad-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous forest |
| |
I.C.2.N.d. |
Saturated mixed broad-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous forest |
| |
| |
|
I.C.3. |
Mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous forest |
| |
I.C.3.N.a. |
Mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous forest |
| |
I.C.3.N.b. |
Temporarily flooded mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous forest |
| |
I.C.3.N.c. |
Seasonally flooded mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous forest |
| |
I.C.3.N.d. |
Saturated mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous forest |
| |
| |
|
I.C.4 |
Extremely xeromorphic mixed evergreen-deciduous forest |
| |
I.C.4.N.a. |
Extremely xeromorphic mixed evergreen - deciduous thorn forest |
| |
|
| II. |
| WOODLAND. |
|
Open stands of trees with crowns not usually touching (generally forming 25 - 60% cover). Canopy tree cover may be less than 25% in cases where it exceeds shrub, dwarf-shrub, herb, and nonvascular cover, respectively |
|
| |
| |
II.A. |
Evergreen woodland - evergreen species generally contribute >75% of the total tree cover |
| |
| |
|
II.A.1. |
Tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen woodland |
| |
II.A.1.N.a. |
Tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen woodland |
| |
II.A.1.N.b. |
Temporarily flooded tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen woodland |
| |
II.A.1.N.c. |
Seasonally flooded tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen woodland |
| |
II.A.1.N.d. |
Semipermanently flooded tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen woodland |
| |
II.A.1.N.e. |
Tidal tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen woodland |
| |
| |
|
II.A.2. |
Temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland |
| |
II.A.2.N.a. |
Temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland |
| |
II.A.2.N.b. |
Seasonally flooded temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland |
| |
II.A.2.N.c. |
Saturated temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland |
| |
| |
|
II.A.3. |
Tropical or subtropical needle-leaved evergreen woodland |
| |
II.A.3.N.a. |
Tropical or subtropical needle-leaved evergreen woodland |
| |
II.A.3.N.b. |
Temporarily flooded tropical or subtropical needle-leaved evergreen woodland |
| |
II.A.3.N.c. |
Seasonally flooded tropical or subtropical needle-leaved evergreen woodland |
| |
II.A.3.N.d. |
Saturated tropical or subtropical needle-leaved evergreen woodland |
| |
| |
|
II.A.4. |
Temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland |
| |
II.A.4.N.a. |
Rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (e.g., pine, Western juniper) |
| |
II.A.4.N.b. |
Conical-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (e.g., spruce in the west) |
| |
II.A.4.N.c. |
Cylindrical-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (e.g., some spruce in Alaska) |
| |
II.A.4.N.d. |
Temporarily flooded temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland |
| |
II.A.4.N.e. |
Seasonally flooded temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland |
| |
II.A.4.N.f. |
Saturated temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (e.g., black spruce bogs) |
| |
| |
|
II.A.5. |
Extremely xeromorphic evergreen woodland |
| |
II.A.5.N.a. |
Sclerophyllous extremely xeromorphic evergreen woodland |
| |
II.A.5.N.b. |
Succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen woodland |
| |
| |
II.B. |
Deciduous woodland - deciduous tree species generally contribute to >75% of the total tree cover |
| |
| |
|
II.B.1. |
Tropical or subtropical drought-deciduous woodland |
| |
II.B.1.N.a. |
Lowland or submontane broad-leaved drought-deciduous woodland |
| |
II.B.1.N.b. |
Montane (and cloud) drought-deciduous woodland |
| |
II.B.1.N.c. |
Temporarily flooded tropical or subtropical drought-deciduous woodland |
| |
II.B.1.N.d. |
Seasonally flooded tropical or subtropical drought-deciduous woodland |
| |
| |
|
II.B.2. |
Cold-deciduous
woodland |
| |
II.B.2.N.a. |
cold-deciduous woodland |
| |
II.B.2.N.b. |
Temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland |
| |
II.B.2.N.c. |
Seasonally flooded cold-deciduous woodland |
| |
II.B.2.N.d. |
Semipermanently flooded cold-deciduous woodland |
| |
II.B.2.N.e. |
Saturated cold-deciduous woodland |
| |
II.B.2.N.f. |
Tidal cold-deciduous woodland |
| |
| |
|
II.B.3. |
Extremely xeromorphic deciduous woodland |
| |
II.B.3.N.a. |
Thorn extremely xeromorphic deciduous woodland (may not be represented in the U.S.) |
| |
| |
II.C./td>
| Mixed evergreen-deciduous woodland - evergreen and deciduous species each contribute 25 - 75% of total tree cover. (Includes semi-deciduous, semi-evergreen, mixed evergreen-deciduous xeromorphic, and mixed needle-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woody vegetation). |
| |
| |
|
II.C.1. |
Tropical or subtropical semi-deciduous woodland |
| |
II.C.1.N.a. |
Tropical or subtropical semi-deciduous woodland |
| |
| |
|
II.C.2. |
Mixed broad-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous woodland |
| |
II.C.2.N.a. |
Mixed broad-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous woodland |
| |
| |
|
II.C.3. |
Mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous woodland |
| |
II.C.3.N.a. |
Mixed needle-leaved evergreen - cold-deciduous woodland |
| |
II.C.3.N.b. |
Seasonally flooded mixed needle-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland |
| |
II.C.3.N.c. |
Saturated mixed needle-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland |
| |
| |
|
II.C.4. |
Extremely xeromorphic mixed evergreen-deciduous woodland |
| |
II.C.4.N.a. |
Mixed evergreen-deciduous thorn woodland |
| |
|
| III. |
| SHRUBLAND. |
|
Shrubs generally greater than 0.5 m tall with individuals or clumps overlapping to not touching (generally forming more than 25% cover, trees generally less than 25% cover). Shrub cover may be less than 25% where it exceeds tree, dwarf-shrub, herb, and nonvascular cover, respectively.Vegetation dominated by woody vines is generally treated in this class |
|
| |
| |
III.A. |
Evergreen shrubland - evergreen species generally contribute >75% of the total shrub cover |
| |
| |
|
III.A.1. |
Tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (with or without scattered tree canopy) |
| |
III.A.1.N.a. |
Tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (includes bamboos and tuft trees) |
| |
III.A.1.N.b. |
Hemi-sclerophyllous tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen shrubland |
| |
III.A.1.N.c. |
Sclerophyllous tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen shrubland |
| |
III.A.1.N.d. |
Tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen shrubland with a sparse broad-leaved evergreen tree layer (includes tuft trees) |
| |
III.A.1.N.e. |
Temporarily flooded tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen shrubland |
| |
III.A.1.N.f. |
Seasonally flooded tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen shrubland |
| |
III.A.1.N.g. |
Semipermanently flooded tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen shrubland |
| |
III.A.1.N.h. |
Saturated tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen shrubland |
| |
III.A.1.N.i. |
Tidal tropical or subtropical broad-leaved evergreen shrubland |
| |
| |
|
III.A.2. |
Temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (with or without scattered tree canopy) |
| |
III.A.2.N.a. |
Temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (including bamboos and tuft trees) |
| |
III.A.2.N.b. |
Hemi-sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland |
| |
III.A.2.N.c. |
Sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland |
| |
III.A.2.N.d. |
Suffruticose temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland |
| |
III.A.2.N.e. |
Temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland with a sparse broad-leaved evergreen tree layer (includes tuft trees) |
| |
III.A.2.N.f. |
Temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland with a sparse cold-deciduous tree layer |
| |
III.A.2.N.g. |
Temporarily flooded temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland |
| |
III.A.2.N.h. |
Seasonally flooded temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland |
| |
III.A.2.N.i. |
Saturated temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland |
| |
III.A.2.N.j. |
Saturated temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland with a sparse needle-leaved or mixed evergreen tree layer (e.g., pocosins) |
| |
III.A.2.N.k. |
Saturated temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland with a sparse cold-deciduous tree layer |
| |
III.A.2.N.l. |
Tidal broad-leaved evergreen temperate shrubland |
| |
| |
|
III.A.3. |
Needle-leaved evergreen shrubland |
| |
III.A.3.N.a. |
Needle-leaved evergreen shrubland (e.g., krummholz) |
| |
III.A.3.N.b. |
Saturated needle-leaved evergreen shrubland (e.g., shrub bog) |
| |
| |
|
III.A.4. |
Microphyllous evergreen shrubland |
| |
III.A.4.N.a. |
Microphyllous evergreen shrubland (e.g., sagebrush) |
| |
III.A.4.N.b. |
Intermittently flooded microphyllous shrubland |
| |
III.A.4.N.c. |
Temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland |
| |
III.A.4.N.d. |
Seasonally flooded microphyllous shrubland |
| |
| |
|
III.A.5. |
Extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland |
| |
III.A.5.N.a. |
Broad-leaved and microphyllous evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (e.g., creosote bush) |
| |
III.A.5.N.b. |
Facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (e.g., saltbush) |
| |
III.A.5.N.c. |
Succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland |
| |
III.A.5.N.d. |
Tidal extremely xeromorphic shrubland |
| |
III.A.5.N.e. |
Extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland with a sparse tree layer |
| |
| |
III.B. |
Deciduous shrubland - deciduous species generally contribute >75% of the total shrub cover |
| |
| |
|
III.B.1. |
Drought-deciduous shrubland |
| |
III.B.1.N.a. |
Lowland drought-deciduous shrubland |
| |
| |
|
III.B.2. |
Cold-deciduous shrubland |
| |
III.B.2.N.a. |
Temperate cold-deciduous shrubland (e.g., serviceberry, some oaks) |
| |
III.B.2.N.b. |
Subalpine or subpolar cold-deciduous shrubland (e.g., willow, alder) |
| |
III.B.2.N.c. |
Intermittently flooded cold-deciduous shrubland |
| |
III.B.2.N.d. |
Temporarily flooded cold-deciduous shrubland |
| |
III.B.2.N.e. |
Seasonally flooded cold-deciduous shrubland (e.g.,blueberry azalea thickets) |
| |
III.B.2.N.f. |
Semipermanently flooded cold-deciduous shrubland (e.g., buttonbush thickets) |
| |
III.B.2.N.g. |
Saturated cold-deciduous shrubland (e.g., on peat) |
| |
III.B.2.N.h. |
Tidal cold-deciduous shrubland (e.g., high tide bush) |
| |
| |
|
III.B.3. |
Extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland |
| |
III.B.3.N.a. |
Extremely xeromorphic deciduous subdesert shrubland without succulents |
| |
III.B.3.N.b. |
Intermittently flooded extremely xeromorphic deciduous subdesert shrubland |
| |
| |
III.C. |
Mixed evergreen-deciduous shrubland - evergreen and deciduous species each generally contribute 25 - 75% of total shrub cover (includes facultatively deciduous, extremely xeromorphic mixed evergreen-deciduous woody plants) |
| |
| |
|
III.C.1. |
Mixed evergreen - drought-deciduous shrubland |
| |
III.C.1.N.a. |
Lowland mixed evergreen - drought-deciduous shrubland |
| |
| |
|
III.C.2. |
Mixed evergreen - cold-deciduous shrubland (with or without scattered tree canopy) |
| |
III.C.2.N.a. |
Mixed evergreen - cold-deciduous shrubland |
| |
III.C.2.N.b. |
Mixed evergreen - cold-deciduous shrubland with a sparse needle-leaved evergreen tree layer (e.g., pitch pine scrub oak) |
| |
III.C.2.N.c. |
Intermittently flooded mixed evergreen - cold-deciduous shrubland |
| |
III.C.2.N.d. |
Seasonally flooded mixed evergreen - cold-deciduous shrubland |
| |
III.C.2.N.e. |
Saturated mixed evergreen - cold-deciduous shrubland (e.g., on peat) |
| |
III.C.2.N.f. |
Saturated mixed evergreen - cold-deciduous shrubland with a sparse needle-leaved evergreen tree layer (e.g., pocosins) |
| |
| |
|
III.C.3. |
Extremely xeromorphic mixed evergreen-deciduous shrubland |
| |
III.C.3.N.a. |
Extremely xeromorphic deciduous subdesert shrubland with succulents (e.g. palo verde) |
| |
III.C.3.N.b. |
Mixed evergreen - deciduous subdesert shrubland |
| |
|
| IV. |
| DWARF-SHRUBLAND. |
|
Low-growing shrubs usually under 0.5 m tall. Individuals or clumps overlapping to not touching (generally forming more than 25% cover, trees and tall shrubs generally less than 25% cover). Dwarf-shrubcover may be less than 25% where it exceeds tree, shrub, herb, and nonvascular cover, respectively |
|
| |
| |
IV.A. |
Evergreen
dwarf-shrubland - evergreen species generally contribute >75% of the total
dwarf-shrub cover |
| |
| |
|
IV.A.1. |
Needle-leaved or microphyllous evergreen dwarf-shrubland (with or without scattered tree canopy) |
| |
IV.A.1.N.a. |
Caespitose needle-leaved or microphyllous evergreen dwarf-shrubland (e.g., alpine azalea) |
| |
IV.A.1.N.b. |
Creeping or matted needle-leaved or microphyllous evergreen dwarf-shrubland |
| |
IV.A.1.N.c. |
Cushion needle-leaved or microphyllous evergreen dwarf-shrubland |
| |
IV.A.1.N.d. |
needle-leaved or microphyllous evergreen dwarf-shrubland with a sparse needle-leaved evergreen tree layer |
| |
IV.A.1.N.e. |
Temporarily flooded needle-leaved and microphyllous evergreen dwarf-shrubland |
| |
IV.A.1.N.f. |
Seasonally flooded needle-leaved and microphyllous evergreen dwarf-shrubland |
| |
IV.A.1.N.g. |
Saturated needle-leaved or microphyllous evergreen - dwarf-shrubland (may include sparse dwarf-shrubland, e.g., dwarf-shrub bogs) |
| |
IV.A.1.N.h. |
Saturated needle-leaved or microphyllous evergreen dwarf-shrubland with a sparse needle-leaved evergreen tree layer |
| |
| |
|
IV.A.2. |
Extremely xeromorphic evergreen dwarf-shrubland |
| |
IV.A.2.N.a. |
Extremely xeromorphic evergreen subdesert dwarf-shrubland |
| |
IV.A.2.N.b. |
Facultatively deciduous subdesert dwarf-shrubland |
| |
IV.A.2.N.c. |
Tidal needle-leaved or microphyllous evergreen dwarf-shrubland |
| |
| |
IV.B. |
Deciduous
dwarf-shrubland - deciduous species generally contribute >75% of the total
dwarf-shrub cover |
| |
| |
|
IV.B.1. |
Drought-deciduous dwarf-shrubland |
| |
IV.B.1.N.a. |
Caespitose drought-deciduous dwarf-shrubland |
| |
IV.B.1.N.b. |
Creeping or matted drought-deciduous dwarf-shrubland |
| |
IV.B.1.N.c. |
Cushion drought-deciduous dwarf-shrubland |
| |
| |
|
IV.B.2. |
cold-deciduous dwarf-shrubland |
| |
IV.B.2.N.a. |
Caespitose cold-deciduous dwarf-shrubland |
| |
IV.B.2.N.b. |
Creeping or matted cold-deciduous dwarf-shrubland |
| |
IV.B.2.N.c. |
Cushion cold-deciduous dwarf-shrubland |
| |
IV.B.2.N.d. |
Saturated cold-deciduous dwarf-shrubland |
| |
| |
|
IV.B.3. |
Extremely xeromorphic deciduous dwarf-shrubland |
| |
IV.B.3.N.a. |
Extremely xeromorphic deciduous subdesert dwarf-shrubland without succulents |
| |
| |
IV.C. |
Mixed evergreen-deciduous dwarf-shrubland - evergreen and deciduous species each generally contribute 25% dwarf-shrub cover. (Includes facultatively deciduous shrubs and other mixed xeromorphic evergreen-deciduous shrubs) |
| |
| |
|
IV.C.1. |
Mixed evergreen - drought-deciduous dwarf-shrubland |
| |
IV.C.1.N.a. |
Mixed evergreen - drought-deciduous dwarf-shrubland |
| |
| |
|
IV.C.2. |
Mixed evergreen - cold-deciduous dwarf-shrubland |
| |
IV.C.2.N.a. |
Mixed evergreen - cold-deciduous dwarf-shrubland |
| |
| |
|
IV.C.3. |
Extremely xeromorphic mixed evergreen - deciduous dwarf-shrubland |
| |
IV.C.3.N.a. |
Deciduous subdesert dwarf-shrubland with succulents |
| |
IV.C.3.N.b. |
Mixed evergreen - deciduous subdesert dwarf-shrubland |
| |
|
| V. |
| HERBACEOUS. |
|
Herbs (graminoids, forbs, and ferns) dominant (generally forming at least 25% cover; trees, shrubs, and dwarf-shrubs generally with less than 25% cover). Herb cover may be less than 25% where it exceeds tree, shrub, dwarf-shrub, and nonvascular cover, respectively |
|
| |
| |
V.A. |
Perennial graminoid vegetation (grasslands). Perennial graminoids generally contribute to greater than 50% of total herbaceous canopy cover when the cover of each of the the other life forms present (i.e. tree, shrub, dwarf-shrub, nonvascular) is less than 25% and herbaceous cover exceeds the cover of the other life forms |
| |
| |
|
V.A.1. |
Tropical or subtropical grassland |
| |
V.A.1.N.a. |
Tall tropical or subtropical grassland |
| |
V.A.1.N.b. |
Medium-tall sod tropical or subtropical grassland |
| |
V.A.1.N.c. |
Medium-tall bunch tropical or subtropical grassland |
| |
V.A.1.N.d. |
Short sod tropical or subtropical grassland |
| |
V.A.1.N.e. |
Short bunch tropical
alpine grassland (e.g., Super-paramo) |
| |
V.A.1.N.f. |
Temporarily flooded tropical or subtropical grassland |
| |
V.A.1.N.g. |
Seasonally flooded tropical or subtropical grassland |
| |
V.A.1.N.h. |
Semipermanently flooded tropical or subtropical grassland |
| |
V.A.1.N.i. |
Tidal tropical or subtropical grassland |
| |
| |
|
V.A.2. |
Tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse tree layer |
| |
V.A.2.N.a. |
Tall tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse mainly broad-leaved evergreen tree layer (includes tuft plants and broad-leaved semi-evergreen trees) |
| |
V.A.2.N.b. |
Tall tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse broad-leaved drought-deciduous tree layer |
| |
V.A.2.N.c. |
Medium-tall tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse broad-leaved evergreen tree layer (includes tuft plants and semi-evergreen trees) |
| |
V.A.2.N.d. |
Medium-tall tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse broad-leaved drought-deciduous tree layer |
| |
V.A.2.N.e. |
Medium-tall tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse needle-leaved evergreen or mixed tree layer |
| |
V.A.2.N.f. |
Medium-tall tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse xeromorphic or succulent tree layer |
| |
V.A.2.N.g. |
Temporarily flooded tropical grassland with a sparse broad-leaved evergreen tree layer (includes tuft plants, e.g., Llanos de Mojos, Bolivia) |
| |
V.A.2.N.h. |
Temporarily flooded tropical grassland with a sparse broad-leaved deciduous tree layer (e.g. in Northeast Bolivia) |
| |
V.A.2.N.i. |
Seasonally flooded tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse needle-leaved evergreen tree layer |
| |
V.A.2.N.j. |
Seasonally flooded tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse needle-leaved deciduous tree layer |
| |
| |
|
V.A.3. |
Tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse shrub layer |
| |
V.A.3.N.a. |
Tall tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse broad-leaved - evergreen or semi-evergreen shrub layer (includes tuft shrubs) |
| |
V.A.3.N.b. |
Tall tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse broad-leaved drought-deciduous shrub layer |
| |
V.A.3.N.c. |
Medium-tall tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse broad-leaved evergreen or semi-evergreen shrub layer (includes tuft plants) |
| |
V.A.3.N.d. |
Medium-tall tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse drought-deciduous shrub layer |
| |
V.A.3.N.e. |
Medium-tall tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse xeromorphic (often thorny) shrub layer |
| |
V.A.3.N.f. |
Short tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse broad-leaved evergreen or semi-evergreen shrub layer (includes tuft plants, e.g., Paramo) |
| |
V.A.3.N.g. |
Short tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse drought-deciduous shrub layer (includes thorny shrubs) |
| |
V.A.3.N.h. |
Short alpine bunch tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse evergreen shrub layer |
| |
V.A.3.N.i. |
Temporarily flooded tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse evergreen broad-leaved shrub layer |
| |
| |
|
V.A.4. |
Tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse dwarf-shrub layer |
| |
V.A.4.N.a. |
Short bunch tropical or subtropical grassland with a sparse needle-leaved or microphyllous evergreen dwarf-shrub layer (e.g., Puna) |
| |
| |
|
V.A.5. |
Temperate or subpolar grassland |
| |
V.A.5.N.a. |
Tall sod temperate grassland (includes sod or mixed sod bunch graminoids) |
| |
V.A.5.N.b. |
Tall bunch temperate grassland |
| |
V.A.5.N.c. |
Medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod bunch graminoids) |
| |
V.A.5.N.d. |
Medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland |
| |
V.A.5.N.e. |
Short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixedsod bunch graminoids, e.g. shortgrass prairie) |
| |
V.A.5.N.f. |
Short bunch temperate or subpolar grassland |
| |
V.A.5.N.g. |
Short alpine or subalpine sod grassland |
| |
V.A.5.N.h. |
Short alpine or subalpine dry bunch grassland |
| |
V.A.5.N.i. |
Intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (e.g., playa lakes) |
| |
V.A.5.N.j. |
Temporarily flooded temperate or subpolar grassland |
| |
V.A.5.N.k. |
Seasonally flooded temperate or subpolar grassland |
| |
V.A.5.N.l. |
Semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland |
| |
V.A.5.N.m. |
Saturated temperate or subpolar grassland |
| |
V.A.5.N.n. |
Tidal temperate or subpolar grassland |
| |
| |
|
V.A.6. |
Temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse tree layer |
| |
V.A.6.N.a. |
Tall temperate grassland with a sparse broad-leaved evergreen tree layer |
| |
V.A.6.N.b. |
Tall temperate grassland with a sparse needle-leaved evergreen tree layer |
| |
V.A.6.N.c. |
Tall temperate grassland with a sparse cold-deciduous tree layer |
| |
V.A.6.N.d. |
Tall temperate grassland with a sparse mixed needle-leaved evergreen or cold-deciduous tree layer |
| |
V.A.6.N.e. |
Medium-tall temperate grassland with a sparse broad-leaved evergreen or semi-evergreen tree layer (includes tuft plants) |
| |
V.A.6.N.f. |
Medium-tall temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse needle-leaved evergreen or mixed tree layer |
| |
V.A.6.N.g. |
Medium-tall temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse cold-deciduous tree layer |
| |
V.A.6.N.h. |
Short temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse broad-leaved evergreen or semi-evergreen tree layer |
| |
V.A.6.N.i. |
Short temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse cold-deciduous tree layer |
| |
V.A.6.N.j. |
Intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland with sparse needle-leaved evergreen tree layer |
| |
V.A.6.N.k. |
Temporarily flooded temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse broad-leaved evergreen tree layer |
| |
V.A.6.N.l. |
Temporarily flooded temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse cold-deciduous tree layer |
| |
V.A.6.N.m. |
Seasonally flooded temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse cold-deciduous tree layer |
| |
V.A.6.N.n. |
Semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse cold-deciduous tree layer |
| |
V.A.6.N.o. |
Saturated temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse needle-leaved evergreen tree layer |
| |
V.A.6.N.p. |
Tidal temperate grassland with a sparse cold-deciduous tree layer |
| |
| |
|
V.A.7. |
Temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer |
| |
V.A.7.N.a. |
Tall temperate grassland with a sparse broad-leaved evergreen shrub layer (includes tuft shrubs) |
| |
V.A.7.N.b. |
Tall temperate grassland with a sparse microphyllous evergreen shrub layer |
| |
V.A.7.N.c. |
Tall temperate grassland with a sparse cold-deciduous shrub layer |
| |
V.A.7.N.d. |
Medium-tall temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse broad-leaved evergreen shrub layer |
| |
V.A.7.N.e. |
Medium-tall temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse needle-leaved or microphyllous evergreen shrub layer |
| |
V.A.7.N.f. |
Medium-tall temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse drought-deciduous shrub layer |
| |
V.A.7.N.g. |
Medium-tall temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse cold-deciduous shrub layer |
| |
V.A.7.N.h. |
Medium-tall temperate grassland with a sparse xeromorphic (often thorny) shrub layer |
| |
V.A.7.N.i. |
Short temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse broad-leaved evergreen or semi-evergreen shrub layer |
| |
V.A.7.N.j. |
Short temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse microphyllous evergreen shrub layer |
| |
V.A.7.N.k. |
Short temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse drought-deciduous shrub layer (includes thorny shrubs) |
| |
V.A.7.N.l. |
Short temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse cold-deciduous shrub layer |
| |
V.A.7.N.m. |
Short temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse xeromorphic (evergreen and/or deciduous) shrub layer |
| |
V.A.7.N.n. |
Intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse xeromorphic (evergreen and/or deciduous) shrub layer |
| |
V.A.7.N.o. |
Saturated temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse broad-leaved evergreen shrub layer |
| |
V.A.7.N.p. |
Saturated temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse cold-deciduous shrub layer |
| |
V.A.7.N.q. |
Saturated temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse microphyllous evergreen shrub layer |
| |
| |
|
V.A.8. |
Temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse dwarf-shrub layer |
| |
V.A.8.N.a. |
Short temperate or subpolar lowland grassland with a sparse needle-leaved or microphyllous dwarf-shrub layer |
| |
V.A.8.n.b. |
Short temperate or subpolar lowland grassland with a sparse cold-deciduous dwarf-shrub layer |
| |
V.A.8.N.c. |
Short temperate or subpolar alpine grassland with a sparse needle-leaved or microphyllous evergreen dwarf-shrub layer (e.g., dwarf-shrub meadows) |
| |
V.A.8.N.d. |
Seasonally flooded temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse needle-leaved or microphyllous dwarf-shrub layer |
| |
| |
|
V.A.9. |
Polar grassland |
| |
V.A.9.N.a. |
Short sod polar grassland (including sod or mixed sod bunch grassland, e.g., sod grass tundra) |
| |
V.A.9.N.b. |
Short bunch polar grassland (e.g. Eriophorum) |
| |
V.A.9.N.c. |
Seasonally flooded polar grassland |
| |
V.A.9.N.d. |
Saturated polar grassland with nonvascular plants admixed |
| |
| |
|
V.A.10. |
Polar grassland with a sparse shrub layer |
| |
| |
|
V.A.11. |
Polar grassland with a sparse dwarf-shrub layer |
| |
| |
V.B. |
Perennial forb vegetation. Perennial forbs (including ferns and biennials) generally contributing to greater than 50% of total herbaceous canopy cover |
| |
| |
|
V.B.1. |
Tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation |
| |
V.B.1.N.a. |
Tall tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation |
| |
V.B.1.N.b. |
Low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation |
| |
V.B.1.N.c. |
Semipermanently flooded tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation |
| |
V.B.1.N.d. |
Saturated tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation |
| |
V.B.1.N.e. |
Tidal tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation |
| |
| |
|
V.B.2. |
Temperate or subpolar perennial forb vegetation |
| |
V.B.2.N.a. |
Tall temperate or subpolar perennial forb vegetation (e.g., tall forb meadows) |
| |
V.B.2.N.b. |
Low temperate or
subpolar perennial forb vegetation (e.g., Aleutian forb meadows) |
| |
V.B.2.N.c. |
Intermittently flooded temperate perennial forb vegetation |
| |
V.B.2.N.d. |
Temporarily flooded temperate perennial forb vegetation |
| |
V.B.2.N.e. |
Semipermanently flooded temperate perennial forb vegetation |
| |
V.B.2.N.f. |
Saturated temperate perennial forb vegetation |
| |
V.B.2.N.g. |
Tidal temperate perennial forb vegetation |
| |
V.B.2.N.h. |
Seasonally flooded temperate perennial forb vegetation |
| |
| |
V.C. |
Hydromorphic rooted vegetation. Non emergent graminoids or forbs structurally supported by water and rooted in substrate (e.g., pond weeds and water lilies) |
| |
| |
|
V.C.1. |
Tropical or subtropical hydromorphic rooted vegetation (without seasonal contrasts) |
| |
V.C.1.N.a. |
Permanently flooded tropical or subtropical hydromorphic rooted vegetation |
| |
V.C.1.N.b. |
Permanently flooded tidal tropical or subtropical hydromorphic rooted vegetation (e.g., tropical seagrass beds) |
| |
| |
|
V.C.2. |
Temperate or subpolar hydromorphic rooted vegetation |
| |
V.C.2.N.a. |
Permanently flooded temperate or subpolar hydromorphic rooted vegetation |
| |
V.C.2.N.b. |
Permanently flooded tidal temperate or subpolar hydromorphic rooted vegetation (e.g., temperate seagrass beds) |
| |
| |
V.D. |
Annual graminoid or forb vegetation |
| |
| |
|
V.D.1. |
Tropical or subtropical annual grasslands or forb vegetation |
| |
V.D.1.N.a. |
Tropical or subtropical annual grasslands |
| |
V.D.1.N.b. |
Tall tropical or subtropical annual forb vegetation |
| |
V.D.1.N.c. |
Low tropical or subtropical ephemeral annual forb vegetation |
| |
V.D.1.N.d. |
Tidal tropical or subtropical annual forb vegetation |
| |
| |
|
V.D.2. |
Temperate or subpolar annual grasslands or forb vegetation |
| |
V.D.2.N.a. |
Tall temperate or subpolar annual grassland (dominated by annual graminoids) |
| |
V.D.2.N.b. |
Tall temperate or subpolar annual forb vegetation (dominated by annual forbs) |
| |
V.D.2.N.c. |
Low desert or subdesert ephemeral or episodic annual forb vegetation |
| |
V.D.2.N.d. |
Short temperate annual grassland |
| |
V.D.2.N.e. |
Low temperate intermittently exposed annual forb vegetation |
| |
V.D.2.N.f. |
Temporarily flooded temperate annual forb vegetation |
| |
V.D.2.N.g. |
Seasonally flooded temperate annual grassland |
| |
V.D.2.N.h. |
Seasonally flooded temperate annual forb vegetation |
| |
V.D.2.N.i. |
Saturated temperate annual forb vegetation |
| |
|
| VI. |
| NONVASCULAR. |
|
Nonvascular cover (bryophytes, non-crustose lichens, and algae) dominant (generally forming at least 25% cover). Nonvascular cover may be less than 25% where it exceeds tree, shrub, dwarf-shrub, and herb cover, respectively |
|
| |
| |
VI.A. |
Bryophyte vegetation. Bryophytes generally dominate the nonvascular cover |
| |
| |
|
VI.A.1. |
Temperate or subpolar bryophyte vegetation |
| |
VI.A.1.N.a. |
Lowland bryophyte vegetation |
| |
VI.A.1.N.b. |
Seasonally flooded bryophyte vegetation |
| |
VI.A.1.N.c. |
Saturated bryophyte vegetation |
| |
VI.A.1.N.d. |
Saturated bryophyte vegetation with a sparse tree layer (e.g., treed bogs) |
| |
VI.A.1.N.e. |
Saturated bryophyte vegetation with a sparse dwarf-shrub layer (e.g., dwarf-shrub/moss tundra) |
| |
| |
VI.B. |
Lichen vegetation. Lichens (foliose or fruticose) generally dominate the nonvascular cover |
| |
| |
|
VI.B.1. |
Temperate or subpolar lichen vegetation |
| |
VI.B.1.N.a. |
Lowland lichen vegetation |
| |
VI.B.1.N.b. |
Montane/submontane temperate or subpolar lichen vegetation dominate the nonvascular cover |
| |
VI.B.1.N.c. |
Lichen vegetation with a sparse tree layer |
| |
VI.B.1.N.d. |
Lichen vegetation with a sparse dwarf-shrub layer |
| |
| |
|
VI.B.2. |
Tropical or subtropical lichen vegetation |
| |
VI.B.2.N.a. |
Montane/submontane tropical or subtropical lichen vegetation |
| |
| |
VI.C. |
Alga vegetation. Algae generally dominate the nonvascular cover |
| |
| |
|
VI.C.1. |
Tropical or subtropical alga vegetation |
| |
VI.C.1.N.a. |
Seasonally flooded alga vegetation |
| |
|
| VII. |
| SPARSE VEGETATION. |
|
Abiotic substrate features dominant. Vegetation is scattered to nearly absent and generally restricted to areas of concentrated resources (total vegetation cover is typically less than 25% and greater than 0%) |
|
| |
| |
VII.A. |
Consolidated rock sparse vegetation (cliffs, pavement, incl. lava flows). (Vegetation characterized by herbs, shrubs, trees, and/or nonvascular plants growing in fissures of rocks or walls, or growing adnate on these surfaces.) |
| |
| |
|
VII.A.1. |
Sparsely vegetated cliffs |
| |
VII.A.1.N.a. |
Cliffs with sparse vascular vegetation (e.g., bromeliads in neotropics). (May have sparse to dense crustose lichens, sparse bryoids or foliose or fruticose lichens) |
| |
| |
|
VII.A.2. |
Sparsely vegetated pavement. (level/gently sloping bedrock) |
| |
VII.A.2.N.a. |
Pavement with sparse vascular vegetation (May have sparse to dense crustose lichens, sparse bryoids, or foliose or fruticose lichens) |
| |
| |
VII.B. |
Boulder, gravel, cobble, or talus sparse vegetation (incuding a'a lava flows). (Vegetation generally characterized by herbs, and occasionally shrubs and trees on gravel or cobble substrates. Lichens are also common.) |
| |
| |
|
VII.B.1. |
Sparsely vegetated talus/scree slopes |
| |
VII.B.1.N.a. |
Lowland or submontane talus/scree |
| |
VII.B.1.N.b. |
Montane talus/scree |
| |
VII.B.1.N.c. |
High mountain talus/scree |
| |
| |
|
VII.B.2. |
Sparsely vegetated rock flats. (boulders, cobble, or gravel) |
| |
VII.B.2.N.a. |
Boulder fields |
| |
VII.B.2.N.b. |
Cobble/gravel beaches and shores |
| |
VII.B.2.N.c. |
Cobble/gravel flats and ridges |
| |
| |
VII.C. |
Unconsolidated material sparse vegetation (soil, sand, and ash). (Vegetation generally characterized by isolated herbs or occasionally shrubs.) |
| |
| |
|
VII.C.1. |
Sparsely vegetated sand dunes |
| |
VII.C.1.N.a. |
Dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation |
| |
VII.C.1.N.b. |
Dunes with sparse woody vegetation |
| |
| |
|
VII.C.2. |
Sparsely vegetated sand flats |
| |
VII.C.2.N.a. |
Sand flats (including
storm-washed beaches) |
| |
VII.C.2.N.b. |
Intermittently flooded sand beaches and shores |
| |
VII.C.2.N.c. |
Temporarily flooded sand flats |
| |
VII.C.2.N.d. |
Tidal sand flats (e.g., salt pannes) |
| |
| |
|
VII.C.3. |
Sparsely vegetated soil slopes |
| |
VII.C.3.N.a. |
Moist slopes |
| |
VII.C.3.N.b. |
Dry slopes |
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| |
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VII.C.4. |
Sparsely vegetated soil flats |
| |
VII.C.4.N.a. |
Soil slumps or landslides |
| |
VII.C.4.N.b. |
Intermittently flooded mud flats (e.g., playa lakes) |
| |
VII.C.4.N.c. |
Seasonally / temporarily flooded mud flats |
| |
VII.C.4.N.d. |
Tidal mud flats |
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| |
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VII.C.5. |
Sparsely vegetated ash deposits |